Conference Management

Unique This undertaking intends to make a typical stage for sorting out exercises of meeting. The meeting the executives framework will deal with the modified works and research papers put together by researchers, checking on them, and tolerating or dismissing them. This will significantly diminish the expenses and endeavors of the meeting chiefs and creators where they can straightforwardly associate through web. Presently there is a requirement for such a gathering the executives framework, where look into meetings identifying with various fields can be overseen by single application. This application can have any number of meetings and enormous number of paper can be submitted.The condition made would improve the ease of use of conference’s in this manner encouraging the researcher’s to present their papers effectively and making coordinators to deal with the research’s by sending it to the jury and taking their surveys. This would diminish a great deal of exe rtion. It would likewise take out the need to have mastery on utilizing individuals for dealing with every single such movement. It would smooth the advancement of gathering the executives and all the exercises will occur in very much characterized way. Chapter by chapter list Page No. RecommendationI Dissertation Approval Sheet II Candidate DeclarationIIIAcknowledgementIV AbstractV Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Overview and issues involved01 1. 2 Problem definition 01 1. 3Problem Solution 01 Chapter-2 Literature Survey 2. 1 Methodology 03 2. 2 Technologies and apparatuses 04 Chapter-3 Requirements gathering 3. 1 Software necessities 08 3. 2 Hardware necessities 98 3. 3 Use case model 10 Chapter-4 Analysis 4. 1 Sequence charts 18 4. 2 Activity graphs 22 Chapter-5 Design 5. 1 Technology choice 25 5. 2 Database structure 28 5. 3 Implementation subtleties Chapter-6 Testing 6. 1Test case and design30 6. 2Testing techniques and strategies31Conclusion 37 Bibliography38 Chapter-1 Introductio n This gathering the board device targets improving the meeting the board rehearses and decreases the weight with respect to coordinators, and gives the specialized answer for the examination paper accommodation and audits. 1. 1 Overview and Issues Involved There are huge quantities of gatherings being occurring at various areas everywhere throughout the world, we have seen specialists and famous educationist present their examination papers at these meetings, they by and large need to send the exploration paper through post and it takes a great deal of time.This venture is engaged towards building up an administration framework that will take into account the necessities of the meeting coordinators. 1. 2 Problem Definition In the current situation, the meeting coordinators face a ton of issues in planning different exercises that are related with gathering. This builds a great deal of exertion and needs a ton of ability and enormous quantities of individuals are required to deal wi th all the procedure. This certainly isn't a simple errand. There is a great deal of difficulty associated with presenting an examination paper to a gathering and afterward sending it to a jury, for audit and their comments.To accelerate this procedure of meeting the executives was our principle center in this task. 1. 3 Problem Solution This undertaking will be a fine exhibition of effective utilization of innovation and designing in the web-application improvement field. This will chop down the sorting out and support cost of conference’s and will likewise lessen the endeavors of creator to send their examination papers through post. This is done through formation of a meeting the executives application that would help the coordinators to run their gathering effectively.Our programming item ‘conference the board system’ is structured and created to give the unbending answer for the treatment of gatherings. We have structured an interface that will give the stag e to the specialists and educationist to present their exploration papers on the web and it will be sent to jury for their audit and remarks. The framework will help the user’s to make new gathering by giving the data of the meeting and the solicitation will be sent to the executive for validation.The director can acknowledge or dismiss the gathering solicitation and he should power to erase the creator on the off chance that he is found doing criminal behavior on the framework. The seat of the gathering will add the program advisory group individuals to survey the papers submitted in that meeting. The seat can check the subtleties of the paper submitted in the meeting introduced by him. The program advisory group part will audit the meeting for which he is chosen by the seat to survey the gathering. The program advisory group can download the exploration paper for understanding it so it very well may be inspected in a superior way. . 1 Methodology To work this product in a m ost ideal manner, the client ought to have some information on getting to web and exploring the web through any program. He ought to know about how meetings are facilitated and the functioning of association that host’s the gathering I. e. from submitting of paper, sending it to the jury, and afterward concluding chosen look into papers. 1 System Interfaces As our framework is totally an autonomous framework in itself along these lines it doesn't require any outside API or any interface for communication with some other system.It just collaborates with the overseer and author’s, yet not with some other programming segment. 2 Interfaces Our framework will cooperate with the client just through the very much characterized graphical UI. Customer server design will be required for supporting the application. Customer Server Architecture A server is whatever has some asset that can be shared. There are Computer servers, which give processing power; print servers, which deal with an assortment of printers; plate servers, which give arranged circle space; and web servers, which store web pages.A customer is basically whatever other element that needs to access a specific server. The communication among customer and server is much the same as the cooperation between a light and an electrical attachment. The force matrix of the house is the server, and the light is a force customer. The server is a for all time accessible asset, while the customer is allowed to â€Å"unplug† after it is has been served. [pic] Fig 2. 1 Client-Server Architecture 2. 2 Technologies and Tools NetBeans allude to both a stage structure for java work area applications,and a coordinated improvement environment(IDE).The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and can run anyplace a good JVM is introduced, including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and so forth. The NetBeans stage permits application to be created from a lot of secluded programming segments called modules. The NetBeans Platf orm is a reusable system for streamlining the improvement of Java Swing work area applications. Among the highlights of the stage are: †¢ User interface the board (e. g. menus, toolbars) †¢ User settings the board †¢ Storage the executives (sparing and stacking any sort of information) †¢ Window the executives Wizard structure (bolsters bit by bit exchanges) †¢ NetBeans Visual Library †¢ Integrated advancement Tools Adobe Dreamweaver Adobe Dreamweaver is the business driving web composing and altering programming that gives both visual and code-level capacities for making measures based sites and plans for the work area, PDAs, tablets, and different gadgets. It is a site building and distributing device proper for transitional to cutting edge clients that permits you to make graphical interface and inherent propelled plan and coding features.It empowers utilization of fundamental JavaScript with no coding information. Incorporating highlights of Adobe D reamweaver are astonishing; it coordinates with Adobe’s Spry Ajax system and that makes a simple access to progressively created substance and interfaces. Adobe Dreamweaver is additionally coordinated with Adobe Flash Professional, Fireworks, Photoshop Extended; this reduces the measure of stages for making ventures. Adobe Dreamweaver bolsters driving web improvement innovations, for example, HTML, XHTML, CSS, XML, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, Adobe ColdFusion programming, which make planning and advancement extremely magical.Powerful CSS instruments needn't bother with independent utilities, and diminish the need to physically alter CSS code in structuring and creating sites. Adobe Dreamweaver is the best application for augmentation engineers and website specialists who plan and set up sites. Mysql is a social database the board framework (RDBMS) that runs as a server giving multi-client access to various databases. The SQL expression represents Structured Query Language. Free-pr ogramming open source extends that require a full-highlighted database the executives framework frequently use MySQL.For business use, a few paid versions are accessible, and offer extra usefulness. Utilizations MySQL is a mainstream decision of database for use in web applications, and is a focal segment of the broadly utilized LAMP web application programming stackâ€LAMP is an abbreviation for â€Å"Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl/PHP/Python†. MySQL is utilized in probably the most much of the time visited sites on the Internet, including Flickr. com, Nokia. com, YouTube and as recently referenced, Wikipedia, Google and Facebook. Glass Fish Server: Glassfish is an open source application server venture drove by Sun Microsystems for the Java EE platform.The restrictive rendition is called Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server. Glassfish is free programming. The most recent adaptation of GlassFish discharged is v3. 1. Other Java EE application servers: †¢ JBoss AS †¢ Web Sphere AS †¢ WebLogic Server †¢ Apache Geronimo MODULE-2 †¢ JDBC/ODBC: ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming interface for getting to database the executives frameworks (DBMS). The originators of ODBC meant to make it free ofâ programming dialects, database frameworks, andâ operating frameworks. Hence, any application can utilize ODBC to inquiry information from a

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhism - Essay Example The strict way of thinking proliferates that the generally mainstream thinking in endless soul, is an instance of 'mixed up character' where at least one of the skandhas are mixed up to be illustrative of an everlasting soul. These five skandhas include: Form (rupa); sentiments (vedana); recognition (sajna); volitional components (samskaras); and cognizance (vij-nana) ((Keown, 2003). Structure or 'rupa' alludes to the outer highlights or qualities of a human body, for example, structure or shading. Sentiments or 'vedana' alludes to sensations; Perception or 'sajna' alludes to observations or mental pictures; volitional components or ‘samskaras' alludes to the intensity of mental arrangements and discernment; and awareness or 'vij-nana' alludes to acknowledgment and judgment (Hirakawa and Groner, 1993: 44). This teaching further proposes that these five components or totals are temporary in nature for example 'anitya', and consequently subject to change. It is by virtue of this very explanation, that relationship with the idea of a perpetual or constant 'self' is rendered bogus and any person who partners with this bogus thought of a lasting self, is probably going to endure since fleeting things regularly bring about enduring for example 'dukha'. For a Buddhist, an individual is involved these five totals which are liable to change, and henceforth and anything that is perpetual or lasting in nature can't be related with the idea of selfhood or personhood. Buddhism contends that this tenet of no free self is related with the Buddhist convention of ward/molding start for example 'pratiyasumtpada' (Palmquist, 2010). In Buddhism, there is no sure pre-characterized idea of self. Be that as it may, the equivalent is characterized and clarified by method of a progression of fleeting and reliant snapshots of cognizance (). For example, as per the regulation of molding beginning for example 'ratiyasumtpada' the idea of self doesn't exist freely all alone, since th e thought of self is unfilled/void. The void of self in Buddhism doesn't infer non-presence of self, however rather alludes to absence of self-governing self-nature for example 'nishvabhava'. Buddhism places that the idea of personhood doesn't have a self-ruling self presence, however rather is a result of specific conditions or 'pratyayas'. In this way the presence of personhood or self in Buddhism is reliant on a few different variables, which are interconnected with one another and are for the most part found in encounters which an individual experiences (Palmquist, 2010). The regulation of personhood in Buddhism alludes to the sinful view that people are talented with a genuine 'self'. Buddhism basically dismisses the idea of an endless self or 'atman'. Different strict gatherings inside the religion, for example, the 'Vatsiputriyas' had advanced the idea of an everlasting self, in an offer to depict and clarify the intricate marvel of post-existence, resurrection and karma. Any way as indicated by the Buddhist strict hypotheses, the idea of personhood which is cherished inside the five totals, is gotten from and subject to them (Keown, 2003). Another progressively current hypothesis on the principle of Persoonhood was created by a gathering known as the Pudgalavadins or the Personalists. This gathering was firmly contradicted to the customary as well as standard idea of anatta or no-self-ness, since it was hard to understand and decipher. As opposed to the customary idea

Fundación Sergio from Colombia visited Columbia as part of the MPA-DP Seminars to talk about Bullying and Discrimination COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fundación Sergio from Colombia visited Columbia as part of the MPA-DP Seminars to talk about Bullying and Discrimination COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Alba Reyes, founder of Fundación Sergio Urrego a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting tolerance and ending school bullying, along with other representatives from the organization, visited SIPA this semester as part of the MDP seminar. Ms. Reyes shared how her personal tragedy sparked the nationwide movement that now goes beyond Colombias borders. The format of the seminar was in the form of the discussion, and participants of the seminar had an opportunity to ask numerous questions. Questions included how the organization tackles homophobic attitudes present in the country, how they brought anti-discrimination provisions into legislation, and how they cooperate with other organizations of the world with similar agendas. Our guests from the organization were delighted to share that recently they launched suicide prevention hotline for youth. Even after the formal part of the seminar ended the students surrounded Ms. Reyes to ask additional questions on the topic. Learn more about MPA-DP seminars here: https://bit.ly/328KfLZ Learn more about the  MPA-DP Program: Instagram:  columbiasipa_mpadp Twitter: @ColumbiaMPADP LinkedIn Facebook

Japan a Persuasive Research Paper - 3109 Words

As some Japanese strive towards modernization, others are obstructing their efforts my remaining narrow-mindedly adamant upon their obsolete values. One of the major distinguishing characteristics of Japanese society has been the lack of individualism. Japanese people need to justify their existence on the grounds of membership to some sort of group. Be it family, club, or company. Japan is a collectivist society. A collectivist society is concerned with the good of all of the people, and not concerned with the individual’s desires or needs. Everything that the homogeneous country of Japan does strives to benefit the entirety of the community. Unfortunately, their efforts are futile. Their views are completely unrealistic. The†¦show more content†¦Today, the general perspective is that it is almost glorified, because of the ancient Samurai taking the ‘honorable way out’ by taking their own lives. The Japanese view nowadays almost glorifies suicide. The ef fects of living in such a high-stress society are extreme, but the causes are just as bad. Japanese life circles around education. â€Å"Because Japan is such a competitive society, it’s not uncommon for children, even of nursery school age, to be attending a kind of cram school so that they can attend, or be admitted to, a prestigious primary school. Education and the pursuit of education becomes sort of the defining characteristic of a child’s life. The time for play is limited†(Bestor and Hardacre). So, from birth, people are conditioned to conform to severe educational values of their society. Stress from education is the leading cause of suicide for people under the age of 19. In the education system, there are strict rules and regulations that all pupils must abide by. â€Å"Common expressions in Japanese reflect these steps: kata ni hairu (follow the form), kata ni jukutatsu suru (perfect the form). and kata kara nukeru (go beyond the form). All practice takes place in an atmosphere of quietude, obedience, and respect, mirroring the absolute obedience and respect of the master-student relationship† (Davies). Pressure about schooling is not difficult to find. Parents pressure their sons and daughters.Show MoreRelatedBCOM 275 All Class Assignments and DQs – A Graded Material Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagessubordinate, client, vendor, and so forth. BCOM 275 week 2 Individual Assignment Demonstrative Communication Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper describing demonstrative communication. Demonstrative communication includes nonverbal and unwritten communication and involves such things as facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, and so forth. Include the following elements in your paper: †¢ Provide examples showing how demonstrative communication can be effective and ineffective, positive andRead MoreCritical Evaluation Of Journal Article1647 Words   |  7 Pages 26, 176-188. Introduction This paper will critically evaluate the above journal article in question and offer appropriate views and aspects that have been ignored by the author in this study. Initially, a brief summary of the article will be outlined, followed by an analysis and evaluation of the theoretical framework that the article is based upon. Afterward, this critique will examine the methodology used and how it could be improved, and finally, the paper will consider the implications ofRead MoreArgumentative Essay : My Best Friend1125 Words   |  5 PagesName: Ngan T. Bui ID: 0860066 First Paper Before beginning the essay, I will provide a brief introduction of two main characters in this argument. My best friend, Natalie, and her boyfriend, Peter, rarely agree on anything. They share different interests and hobbies. One of the all-time arguments between them which never seem to have an answer is that if they have a budget, they have to decide whether they should visit Korea or Japan. Peter wants to visit Japan while Natalie prefers Korea. They askedRead MoreBCOM 275 Complete Class1327 Words   |  6 Pagesclasses visit http://www.assignmentcloud.com BCOM 275 Week 2 Individual Demonstrative Communication Paper    Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper describing demonstrative communication. Demonstrative communication includes nonverbal and unwritten communication and involves such things as facial expressions, tone of voice, body language, and so forth. Include the following elements in your paper:     ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide examples showing how demonstrative communication can be effective and ineffective,Read MoreVideo Games And Real Violence944 Words   |  4 Pagesto express aggression and establish status in the peer group without causing physical harm.† (2008) This research supports my theory that violent video games do not lead to real violence. 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In 2000, about 15% of all the world’s stored information was digital, by 2013, the proportion of that was more than 98% (Mayer-Schà ¶nberger Cukier, 2013). However, big dataRead MorePsychological Disorder Paper2395 Words   |  10 Pagescomments and graded rubric. Psychological Disorder Paper PSY/450-Diversity and Cultural Factors in Psychology Kimberly L. Herrington Due: Tuesday January 15, 2013 People decisions, attitudes, and beliefs are acquired from their cultural roots. Psychology has established social perception results from the individual’s cultural milieu. Social perception is a process that aids us to understanding others as well as ourselves. This paper will discuss anxiety disorder; examine the connection

Characteristics of Drama - 1660 Words

History of Drama Ancient Drama The origins of Western drama can be traced to the celebratory music of 6th-century BC Attica, the Greek region centered on Athens. Although accounts of this period are inadequate, it appears that the poet Thespis developed a new musical form in which he impersonated a single character and engaged a chorus of singer-dancers in dialogue. As the first composer and soloist in this new form, which came to be known as tragedy, Thespis can be considered both the first dramatist and the first actor. Of the hundreds of works produced by Greek tragic playwrights, only 32 plays by the three major innovators in this new art form survive. Aeschylus created the possibility of developing conflict between characters by†¦show more content†¦Subject matter was drawn from nature and natural man (such as the supposedly untouched Native American). Perhaps one of the best examples of Romantic drama is Faust (Part I, 1808; Part II, 1832) by the German playwright Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Based o n the classic legend of the man who sells his soul to the devil, this play of epic proportions depicts humankinds attempt to master all knowledge and power in its constant struggle with the universe. The Romantics focused on emotion rather than rationality, drew their examples from a study of the real world rather than the ideal, and glorified the idea of the artist as a mad genius unfettered by rules. Romanticism thus gave rise to a vast array of dramatic literature and production that was often undisciplined and that often substituted emotional manipulation for substantial ideas. Romanticism first appeared in Germany, a country with little native theatre other than rustic farces before the 18th century. By the 1820s Romanticism dominated the theatre of most of Europe. Many of the ideas and practices of Romanticism were evident in the late 18th-century Sturm und Drang movement of Germany led by Goethe and the dramatist Friedrich Schiller. These plays had no single style but were generally strongly emotional, and, in their experimentation with form, laid the groundwork for the rejection of Neo-Classicism. The plays of theShow MoreRelatedThe Baroque Era And Neoclassicism1273 Words   |  6 Pagescompletely unique emphasis and focus, artworks from these periods possess different characteristics and themes. For example, extensive drama, contrast of light and dark, and the painterly compositions are among the most prevailing characteristics of the Baroque. In this period, the artists were more unrestrained in their composition and narrated the story loosely accord ing to the original source, i.e. adding some drama or implementing additional figures. 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The International Strategy of TESCO PLC Free Essays

string(84) " exporting to foreign production as they continually gain international experience\." Abstract This study explores the different theories of international entry strategies and then analyses the international strategy of Tesco Plc. Firms can enter the international markets through different strategies, including licensing technology abroad, direct investment acquisition, exporting, strategic alliance in foreign market and establishing joint ventures. The findings of this study indicate that Tesco Plc uses international joint ventures, acquisitions and Greenfield investments to enter into foreign markets. We will write a custom essay sample on The International Strategy of TESCO PLC or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Greenfield investments have led to failures and as such it is recommendable that the company explores international joint ventures and acquisitions as part of its future entry strategies. Introduction International strategy is very important for all business organisations operating in the international market. This is because the strategy plays an important role in determining the opportunities present in the international market and how to exploit them (Hensmans et al., 2013). Tesco Plc. is one such company with significant development in the international market. The supermarket chain has managed to expand its operations across Europe, Asia and North America with huge success. This international expansion has affected all the facets of the company like business structure, financial status, corporate culture and organisational structure (Ryans, 2013). This study looks at different international strategies, why they are important to Tesco Plc, related theories and their applications. International Strategies The current business environment is very competitive and as such companies need to venture into the international markets in order to generate more profits (Hitt et al 2008). However, choosing the right international strategy is never easy; whether it is licensing technology abroad, direct investment acquisition, exporting, strategic alliance in foreign market, or establishing joint ventures. This study will focus on a few of these strategies that are of importance to Tesco Plc. These strategies are joint ventures, foreign acquisitions, and Greenfield investments. All these strategies have their own benefits and risks arising from the products or services being offered and the cultural, economic and political environment of the target market (Sternquist Witter 2011). However the choice of the choice of international strategy is highly dependent on organisational resources, commitment and the extent of risk that it is willing to incur. Joint ventures involve cooperation among different companies. The partners often come together to consign risks, allocate resources and delegate responsibilities (Krafft Mantrala 2010). These ventures are often disbanded once the project is completed. Joint ventures can enable an organisation to market its products or establish its manufacturing plants in a foreign country with the assistance of the local foreign partners. These local partners equip the foreign organisations with the relevant knowledge on government regulations, workings, local markets and the available channels of distribution. Joint ventures are ideal for Tesco Plc. as it will help it in understanding the foreign markets and mitigate risks (McLoughlin Aaker 2010). In foreign acquisitions a foreign organisation acquires an interest in a local firm through foreign direct investment (Hensmans et al 2013). In most cases foreign acquisitions occur only in proven markets after years of exporting or success experienced through existent joint ventures. Once an organisation has obtained controlling interests, it attains full authority over policies regarding aspects like quality control, finance, production, marketing strategies and expansion programs. Foreign acquisitions are ideal for Tesco Plc. as it will help it acquire other companies that are already performing well in foreign markets. The last strategy is Greenfield investment which is a type of foreign investment that entails investing in foreign markets by starting new subsidiaries and then fully owning them. This is a strategy that is suitable for Tesco Plc. because it allows it to venture into new unexploited markets and exploit the opportunities present. Theories of International Strategies There are different theories that explain the reasons why an organisation opts to pursue a specific international strategy in a specific target market. This is the reason why organisations pursue different foreign markets using different strategies depending on their unique characteristics (Hitt et al 2008). These theories are monopolistic advantages, transaction cost, internalisation, strategic behaviour, internationalisation, bargaining and eclectic theories. These theoretical perspectives at times hold divergent perceptions on the relative importance of the different factors that influence choice of entry into foreign markets. The monopolistic advantage theory was proposed by Hymer and represented a major shift from the previous theories of capital investments and international trade (Sternquist Witter 2011). The previous theories like that of Heckscher and Ohlin had restrictive assumptions on the immobility of the factors of production. Hymer argued that organisations could use their firm-specific advantages or monopolistic advantages that other organisations do not have to expand into foreign markets. These advantages are things like superior technology, economies of scale, superior knowledge in finance, marketing or management (McLoughlin Aaker 2010). Therefore foreign direct investment was made possible by product and market imperfections. These market imperfections are structural and are as a result of control ownership advantages like proprietary technology, economies of scale, special access to inputs, product differentiation and gathered managerial expertise. According to this theory, the direc t investor is often a monopolist or an oligopilist in product markets. Therefore these organisations pursue market power and monopolistic advantages in the foreign markets leading to the increased growth of international trade. Internationalisation theory builds on the monopolistic advantage theory and it holds that firms often expand into foreign markets whenever there are market imperfections and they can gain advantage by internalising markets across countries (Seth Randall 2011). This results to the growth of the firms as they increase their operations across the borders to take advantage of the existent opportunities. As the organisations increase their efficiency through internalisation of transactions, the vertical integration of operations across the world lead to efficiencies and economies that include long term contracts, opportunity to exploit tax differentials and better quality control. The theory perceives the internalisation process and entry strategies as being products of series of incremental decisions that result in increases involvement in international operations (Alexander Doherty 2009). Therefore firms move from exporting to foreign production as they continually gain internationa l experience. You read "The International Strategy of TESCO PLC" in category "Essay examples" This experience enables the firms to build their knowledge and developing deeper understanding of the foreign markets. The transaction cost theory holds that firms try to minimise the costs associated with exchanging resources with the environment and the bureaucratic costs of exchanges within the firm (Krafft Mantrala 2010). Therefore they weigh the costs of exchanging resources with the environment against the bureaucratic ones that arise from performing the same operations within the firm. It perceives institutions and markets as possible forms of organising and coordinating economic transactions. Firms grow whenever the external costs exceed the internal bureaucratic costs because they are able to operate more cheaply compared to performing the same operations in the market (Seth Randall 2011). However, the firms should be downsized whenever the bureaucratic costs exceed the external transaction costs. Therefore the firms will keep expanding for as long as they can perform their operations cheaply within the companies compared outsourcing them to external market providers. The bargaining theory was advocated by Fagre and other scholars and holds that the choice of entry is a function of the bargaining processes between the firm and the host countries (Ryans 2013). The interaction between the host country and the firms is often characterised by power struggles. Although the host country can exercise its bargaining power through controlling market access, the bargaining power of the firms lie in the ownership advantages that they have (Hensmans et al 2013). Therefore the relative power determines the entry strategy of a firm into a foreign market. The last theory is the strategic behaviour theory and it is based on the premise that firms derive comparative advantage from the resources that contribute towards giving them the advantage over the others (Thain Bradley 2012). This is particularly true when some resources are worth more to an organisation owing to the special linkages between the firm and such resources. When the firms have such resources, th ey are more likely to opt for high control strategies for instance wholly owned subsidiaries. This decision is mostly made with the assumption that such linkages will be influential in enhancing the relative position of the firm in the new foreign market. In addition to the highlighted theories, the integrative theoretical perspective on foreign market entry holds that the firm’s decision to enter into a foreign market and its choice of entry are functions of multiple factors that arise from location and ownership-specific advantages (Alexander Doherty 2009). Although these theories differ in many important aspects they allow for broad generalisations on the factors that influence an organisation to enter into a foreign market and the entry strategy. The next section analyses the international strategy of Tesco Plc based on the integrative framework. Tesco Plc International Strategy The company enters foreign markets mainly through joint ventures with local firms, acquisitions and Greenfield investments (Mosley Barrow 2013). The company aims at being the market leader in the foreign country it enters within a period of five years. It has registered huge successes in Asia and most of the European markets. However, the situation in America has been different because the company has struggled to gain market control (Harrison 2013). The success of Tesco Plc in the international market has been aided by its sensitivity to the local culture of the host countries and the market environment. This has mainly been done through partnerships, mergers and acquisitions which have made it easier for the company to offer the local markets with what they want by serving their unique needs. This has been particularly helpful in high context cultures like in the Asian market. The global expansion and diversification of Tesco Plc are based on the long-term desire for the company to develop sustainable growth and development. Morschett (2011) claims that one of the main reasons why the company decided to pursue the international market was that the local UK market had reached saturation and maturity making it very difficult to grow without exploiting overseas opportunities. This was therefore the only viable solution for the company if it was to remain relevant for the economy in the long run. The main factors influencing the choice of entry for Tesco Plc are the different threats that it may encounter in the international markets. Some of the common threats are industrial structures and cultural factors. Nonetheless, the primary influencers of the choice of entry for the company are based on cultural factors (Harrison 2013). Tesco Plc has consistently preferred to use international joint ventures as an entry strategy in the Asian market. This is partly because these countries have high context cultures that require organisations to build interpersonal relationships (Alexander Doherty 2009). In these cultures, relationship networks among business associates, colleagues and even clients tend to be close and personal. As a consequence, it is important for firms to build trust and relationships during business interactions. The importance of these relationships arises from the fact that they have high uncertainty avoidance levels; therefore relationships and trust reduce the level of uncertainties, risks and ambiguities (McLoughlin Aaker 2010). For instance in South Korea, the international joint venture with Samsung helped the company establish contacts with the local suppliers and manufacturers. This was very important in penetrating the market in South Korea because the customers there often shop freque ntly as they prefer fresh and quality products like vegetables and meat which is different from the customers in the UK who like piling stock. Based on the internalisation theory, Tesco Plc gained advantage by internalising the market in South Korea. This was done through building local networks to ensure that the company sales remain as high as possible. Therefore it employed all the employees of Samsung to ensure that the normal operations were not interfered with. The local managers were also given the authority to make decisions on behalf of the company because of their experience with the local market. Additionally, this was part of the company’s plan to deal with the challenges associated with the competitive environment by positioning itself using localisation and decentralisation while the other players in the industry pursue globalisation strategies (Hitt et al 2008). According to the bargaining theory, localisation and decentralisation gives the company a local imag e thus making it highly responsive to the tastes and lifestyles of the local consumers. This gave Tesco Plc a competitive advantage in the South Korean market compared to the other foreign firms like Wal-Mart and Carrefour. The entry strategies of Tesco Plc have also been shaped by cultural factors like psychic distance. Psychic distance refers to the extent to which a firm is uncertain on the nature of the foreign market (Thain Bradley 2012). Acquisitions and international joint ventures with the local businesses in the high context cultures are important in reducing risks, adaptation costs, psychic distance and cultural barriers. The acquisition of the local distribution channels gave the company a huge advantage over the other multinationals like Wal-Mart which were struggling because the Korean market is characterised by a strong nationalist outlook. The company pursued the same strategies in Thailand and China and this enabled it to penetrate the market with ease compared to other multinational companies. Therefore international joint ventures and acquisitions enabled Tesco Plc. to succeed in markets where Carrefour and Wal-Mart had failed eventually being forced to exit the market in 2006 (Mosley Barrow, 2013). In Thailand for instance, after the acquisition of Lotus, Tesco Plc has managed to grow and is currently the market leader as it has pumped huge investments into organic management. The company also diversified its operations in Thailand to include smaller express stores so as to reach more customers. Tesco Plc has made huge successes whenever it chose to enter foreign markets through strategic alliances and acquisitions; however Greenfield entries have proved to be costly and inappropriate. Although Greenfield entries provide the company with full control and ownership over its operations, it has proved to be unsuitable because of the dismal results. Despite the extensive research that the company made prior to joining the US market, its failure there demonstrates that the research was either flawed or inadequate (Krafft Mantrala 2010). Additionally, its operations in the US were an attempt to duplicate its operations in the UK because it tried to standardise instead of localising them. Part of the problem with the market research was that it only concentrated on the buying behaviour of the Americans and ignored other important variables like shopping experience, value, aesthetics, store atmosphere and quality. This was a great mistake because corrective investments should have been made in response to these marketing aspects (Morschett 2011). For instance the Tescosells pre-packaged fruits was a big mistake because Americans prefer selecting their own fresh fruits. Tesco failed to appreciate the US customer base because it underestimated it. This is the reason why the company handled its operations in the US as an extension of the UK market. The company was attracted to the US market by the booming economy and the ever rising property value (Ryans 2013). These are the factors that prompted it to go for Greenfield investments in US. This was a viable option; however the company failed to account for the deeper financial dynamics that could have saved it from the 2009 financial crisis. In addition to this, the choice of Tesco Plc to enter the US market through Greenfield investments was partly influenced by managerial short termism and egoism. As a consequence, several mistakes can be pointed out from its entry and post entry strategies. The first mistake that the company made at the point of entry is that it increased its exit barriers by aggressively increasing more stores despite the fact that it was making huge losses. Secondly, the company may have been driven by managerial subjective interest for power emanating from the previous international successes. This led to overconfidence therefore blurring the vision of the managers to see that they were driving the company in the wrong direction (Morschett 2011). However, the biggest mistakes that Tesco Plc made was that it failed to plan and strategize for post entry and this led to flaws in its quest to compete in the home market of the world’s largest retailer. As a result the company made huge loses in the US and was eventually forced to exit without ever recording any profits. In Taiwan, the situation was the same as that of the US; Tesco entered the market in 2000 without partnering with the local companies. The company was able to establish six hypermar kets through organic growth. However, just like in the US the Taiwanese retail market was hugely dominated by Carrefour which had the advantage of having all the strategic positions. Just like in the US, the company was unable to attain the market scale necessary for building central distribution centres. Therefore in 2005, it was forced to exit the market through a divestment deal with Carrefour. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations can be made for Tesco Plc for it to succeed in its quest to establish its presence in other international markets. First off, the company should abandon Greenfield investment strategies because they have proved to be very costly in the past. The company struggled in the US and Taiwan and was eventually forced to exit because lack of local partners made it very difficult for it to succeed in markets that are dominated by the two retail giants. The company should have strategies that fit into the culture of the target market like it did in South Korea. The retail industry is very sensitive because it represents the daily necessities of the consumers and as such must be responsive to their cultural habits. For a multinational company to succeed in a foreign market it must have strategies that are responsive to the needs and culture of the local people. Therefore Tesco Plc. should continue incorporating localisation strat egies and respond to the culture of the local markets. It should be more innovative and proactive in its marketing strategies in the international markets. For instance the company should enhance its market intelligence and customer database in order to be able to customise service delivery to the customers. References Alexander, N., Doherty, A. M. (2009). International retailing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cunningham, J., Harney, B. (2012). Strategy strategists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harrison, A. L. (2013). Business environment in a global context. Oxford: Oxford university press. Hensmans, M., Johnson, G., Yip, G. S. (2013). Strategic transformation: Changing while winning. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2008). Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Krafft, M., Mantrala, M. K. (2010). Retailing in the 21st century: Current and future trends. Heidelberg: Springer. McLoughlin, D., Aaker, D. A. (2010). Strategic market management: Global perspectives. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Morschett, D. (2011). European retail research: Volume 25, Issue I. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag. Mosley, R., Barrow, S. (2013). The employer brand: Bringing the best of brand management to people at work. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Ryans, A. (2013). Beating low cost competition: How premium brands can respond to cut-price rivals. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Seth, A., Randall, G. (2011). The grocers: The rise and rise of the supermarket chains. London: Kogan Page. Sternquist, B., Witter, G. (2011). Retail strategic international expansion (SIRE?) theory and cases. Haslett, MI: BSC Publisher. Thain, G., Bradley, J. (2012). Store wars: The worldwide battle for mindspace and shelfspace, online and in-store. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. 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Violence And Nonviolence Essays - Pacifism, Dispute Resolution

Violence And Nonviolence Violence and Nonviolence Violence is a problem that we as humans, deal with everyday. Today, it seems that we deal with it in just about every aspect of our lives. From children's cartoons to the nightly news, we are witnesses to its power and harm. A highly debated argument for the causes of violence are surrounding our homes as well as our government. No matter the causes of violence or for that fact aggressors, we have a personal responsibility must be taken for violent actions. We are given the choice to decide how we each want to live our lives; but before we decide, we must look at the ethical issues that surround our choices. Most humans strive to live a good, pure life. Violence is one of the few instances that destroys that good life. It is something that we work towards eliminating. It is defined as an act taken against another being with the intent to do harm. We often consider violence in terms of the physical aggressor, yet violence can surface in a variety of ways even including self-defense. Violence is a result of conflicting interests or unresolvable differences. In most instances, both parties to he conflict feel that they are right and that their actions are justified. However, there are other cases in which their is a clear aggressor and victim. Nevertheless, violence is a very complicated and difficult issue. By its very nature, violence is an act against life. Life, is sacred. It is cherished, not out of purpose of use, not instrumental, but for the good, intrinsic value of its very being. Violence is instrumental. It is a means to an end. There is no intrinsical goodness in violence. Violent acts are not good for the sake of violence itself. A single question that arises out of the argument of violence and nonviolence, Is violence ever justifiable or acceptable. The two main types of arguments that arise are the self-defense paradigm and pacifism. The self-defense paradigm accepts violence as a means to protect one's life, or the life of others. This argument interprets life as being intrinsically good and for instrumental purposes, but accepts lethal results as an unintended consequence of defense. Pacifism argues that violence is never acceptable. Because violence is an instrumental act, it undermines and disrespects human life as a cherished entity. Upon first evaluation of these arguments, I preferred the self-defense paradigm. I believe I am more of a realist. I thought that violence was inevitable. No matter the strategy, violence is going to be the end result. However, by the end of the semester, I have discovered something. The whole purpose of pacifism is to change the fact that violence is inevitable. It is a movement that teaches humans how to deal with the situations that inevitably end in violence. It is a way to defend life from aggressive threats. The pacifist may never risk killing his opponent, regardless of the consequences. At all times, they must be respectful and compassionate of life. I believe that I have changed my view because I have a greater understanding of pacifism. At first, I thought that it was the easy way out. It was the way to take to avoid a situation; ?no matter the situation, never be violent.? I thought of issues such as wars or if someone was trying to kill you or your family. How could someone not do anything? It was a weak person's answer to the argument. Then, out of the blue, it struck me. We are always talking about ?bettering? the world, getting rid of violence. Well, we are imitative creatures. We do what we see. How are the younger generation of people going to be nonviolent when all they see is violence. If, we don't start demonstrating nonviolent, peaceful acts, what are they going to imitate? We are presenting self-defense as an excuse. It is justifiable but only if you don't intend to kill the other person. This can be a very risky situation. When defending yourself or someone else, you are allowed violence as long as you didn't mean to kill the aggressor? What happens when you can't decipher the aggressor? Nothing should be taken away from the self-defense philosophy. It is understandable and ethical. It would be hard not to defend yourself from an attacker, or to help a loved one. But, it just seems to me that in today's world, we must reevaluate our morals. Self-defense takes