International Economics Trade And Tariffs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2638 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: International economics is becoming a major part of existing societies because of the rapid changes occurring in economic markets. As days are passing by, governments, consumers, business etc have started realizing that this economic change from their own group, society, city or country is not the only region ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the effect of the dynamic world which is taking part as well. Consumers walk in the local shops and buy products grown in their own country as well as products grown in other countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Economics Trade And Tariffs" essay for you Create order Local businesses have to compete with international markets and similarly they can bolster their fair share by selling their home grown products internationally as well in this Global time. Advancement of Telecommunications is becoming a key factor in this global world as it eases the cost of delivering products internationally. Internet is playing its part as it increases the wide view of markets even more. Easiest way to understand the rising of international economic growth is to consider the growth of exports in the past 50 years or so, assuming that one countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s export would definitely be another countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s import; one can easily tell the significant amount of rise in the exports and imports in the past 50 years. World Exports, 1948à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2008 (in Billions of U.S. Dollars) On the other hand, growth in the value of exports, itself, doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t show the importance of trade. A better method is to look at the share of traded goods in relation to the size of the world economy shows world exports as a percentage of the world gross domestic product (GDP) for the years 1970 to 2008. World exports which were just 10 percent in 1970 took its time till 2008 but the percentage grew from 10% to 30%. World Exports, 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2008 (Percentage of World GDP) However, as the growth in International trade and investment became more significant, trade barriers started moving steadily downwards. Just after the World War era, GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) constantly tried to convince the member countries to reduce tariffs (import tax) on imported goods. Countries kept on reducing the tax on imports asking for concession in import tax for their products among the member countries until the final round of meeting which is known as Uruguay Round held recently in 1994 where Global Trade Liberalization extended its sphere even more. After that round countries would now not only lower their tariff rates but would liberalize agricultural and services sectors alongside setting up a quota system for the multifibre agreement in clothing sector which was one of the hottest issue in the earlier era. WTO (World Trade Organization) was established in order to keep these agreements improving on regular terms and to keep discussing on further development in Trade sector and to settle down the disputes among the countries on trade. By the end of 2009, there were 153 member countries of WTO à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Trade Liberalization Clubà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, and many others are pushing to become a part of WTO. This willingness of other countries to join the liberalization club is only making Free Trade phenomena easier. Another good result has come from the regional free trade agreements. Neighbouring countries or close trade partners have taken a step further and started free trading which indicates a better future for WTO and even though it is done on the grounds of trade it still resembles the basic ideology of WTO. These changes in economic patterns and a new way towards free trading is becoming a fundamental bridge for Globalization. Globalization means social, economic, cultural and environmental changes which are connecting people all over the world. Since the growing economics aspects of globalization, it is really important to understand the affects of global market over business, consumers and governments. This leads us to study International Economics. LITERATURE REVIEW: What is International Economics? International Economics is the study that assesses the propositions of International Trade, International Finance and International Lending and Borrowing. It has two major subfields, International Trade and International Finance. Our main focus in this research is over International Trade. What is International Trade? International Trade is a field in economics which implements certain economic models in order to assess international economy. It basically works on understanding supply and demand breakdown of International Markets; firm and consumer relation; oligopolistic and monopolistic market structures; and the effects of market distortions. What is Tariff? Tariff is the tax on import that a government imposes on imported goods. It is the most common way to protect oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy is to introduce tariffs on imports. Sometimes this term tariff is used in different contexts as well for example rail road tariffs but generally more significantly used in tax on imports. Tariffs are the most common way to generate revenue for the government for centuries. It is the case because it is relatively easy to put custom duty on goods coming from other countries and administratively it is one of the easiest ways to collect tax. Countries simply place their officials at their borders and apply custom duty over the trading goods. High value of tariffs may give birth to smuggling and people finding ways to get their goods without paying taxes but even ignoring the fact that smuggling does take place, countries generate enough revenue for their governments through tariffs. Every business man wants the trade to be liberalized, by this trade liberalization they mean to reduce the tariffs which will make them bring international goods in a cheaper price. Governments resist reducing the tariffs to protect their home grown goods, if international products would come cheap, businesses would have option to get imported products resulting in deduction in home grown products which leads to job hazard or unemployment. Protectionism? Protectionism simply means protecting home grown goods against imported goods. High tariffs indicates the protection towards home grown products as if the tariffs would be low, businesses would be encouraged to get more goods from international markets rather than home grown goods. There was a time in mid 20th century when countries used to generate funds for governments by keeping high tariffs on imports. However as trade liberalization took place, other types of non-tariff barriers came into existence as well. RECENT TRADE CONTROVERSIES: In the middle of 2009, world was down to the biggest economic down pull since the early 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Economic growth was going down and the unemployment all over was rising. International trade fell down all over the world and the investment both domestically and internationally took a downturn. As the economic condition unfolded, there was a similarity between this recession and the Great Depression of 1930à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. One of the biggest concerns was that countries might turn back to protectionism to raise job opportunities for domestic workers. That is exactly what countries did during the period of Great Depression and it came up as a negative effect for many of them. This amplitude of negative feeling is nothing new in this current era as it has been coming since the Great Depression between the supporters and opponents of the trade liberalization on Policymaking. Even though trade advocates have successfully opened free trade markets, trade opponents have als o been successful in shutting down trade markets. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s like going three steps forward and coming back 2 steps. AMBIVILENCE ABOUT GLOBALIZATION: Realistically speaking, ambivalence about trade and globalization occurred in decade of 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 2000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Even though in this period there was a buzz of protests and opposition about free trade theories and going global, this was the time when remarkable movements of freer trade occurred. Trade Liberalization was at its peak in 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. Major success of some of the countries that had outward-economies like South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ linked with the countries which were having inward-economies such as Latin America, Africa, India, and elsewhere led to a resurgence of support for trade. Future of trade liberalization is in the hands of time for now, it seems like if this crises is to be ended soon then we might see trade liberalization going to its peak again, but if it continued for a longer period of time, then countries might adopt protectionism in order to raise work for domestic worker which would be a killer for trade liberalization for some time to come. Economic crises have led in favor of protectionism in the past but that protectionism didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t bolster the economies, it rather did little good and worst the effect of depression as can be understood by the period of Great Depression. Current scenario may have little hopes for trade liberalization as history is opting to repeat itself. DISCUSSION: The Great Depression, Smoot-Hawley, and the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA): The greatest historical motivator for trade liberalization since the World War II was the period of Great Depression. The disaster apparently began with crash of US Stock Market in late 1929. It imminently pulled the world economy in an extremely rapid pace. By 1930, the US economy had shrink by 8.6 percent and the unemployment rate jumped to 8.9 percent. With this contraction, came an alarming call for protectionism for domestic goods against the internationally bought imported goods. In May 1930, almost 1028 economists signed a petition against the rising tariff and marched a campaign towards President Hoover of that time. Despite of this petition signed by so many economists, in June 1930 came the Smooth-Hawley Act (tariff Act of 1930) which almost rose up to 60 percent of import duties. Due to the fact that not only US was suffering from the economic crises, international exporters who were doing business with US were also suffering from economic crises chose to introduced their own increase in tariffs to save their own domestic economy in retaliation. It effected in a dramatic drop in trade among the countries and added even worst effect to the ongoing depression. In following years, economic crises grew even worst. The US economy continued to contract at double digits and by the year 1933 the unemployment rate raised up to 24.9 percent. In 1932, Franklyn Roosevelt ran for the President and spoke against the high tariffs. By the year 1934 a new scheme accepting the advantages of trade liberalization was introduced. It was Congress that passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts (RTAA) which allowed the president to negotiate bilateral tariff reduction agreements over different products. It worked as President of US would send his agents to say Mexico and introduce a reduced tariff rates to the products brought in US and in place ask them to reduce tariffs on different set of products that could be taken from US. Once the agreement is done by the government trade could get started. Thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exactly what happened, and it pushed the wheel for trade again. Over 60 bilateral deals were placed and accepted among different countries under RTAA which set the platform for trade liberalization for decades to come. SIGNIFICANCE OF RTAA: RTAA is considered significant for two reasons. First one has to be that it was the first time US Congress granted access of Trade Authorities directly to the President for the Trade Policymaking. Secondly it served as the basis for the foundation of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Under GATT countries would also discuss about getting concession in tariffs rather than only doing bilateral trade among the members of GATT. That was the main difference in GATT and RTAA that RTAA only worked in a bilateral Trade form while GATT worked in a multilateral trade form. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT): What is GATT? General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provided the basic trade rules and solution in dispute over trades among the members from 1948 to 1994. It was one of the three Breton Woods Organizations came into existence after the World War II. Its goal was to promote trade liberalization by reducing high tariffs. In reality, General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade (GATT) wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t meant to be organized as a standalone body. It was a part of a much wider agreement to establish International Trade Organization (ITO). Intentions of ITO were to assign trade rules and supportive guidelines that would help member countries to do trade. The ITO was conceived during the Breton Woods conference attended by the main allied countries in New Hampshire in 1944 and was seen as complementary to two other organizations also conceived there: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The IMF would monitor and regulate the international fixed exchange rate system, the World Bank would assist with loans for reconstruction and development, and the ITO would regulate international trade. What was the Goal of GATT? General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) as the name suggests consists of the clauses which makes members agree on a similar set of trade policies that suits the trading parties. Basic goal was to introduce some set of rules for trade, that would be helpful in bringing up trade liberalization and thus end up in reducing trade barriers. Countries that make these commitments and sign on to the agreement are called signatory countries. All the discussions that take place before the agreement are referred to as rounds. Each round is given a name according to the location it takes place or to a prominent figure taking place in that round. There were eight rounds of negotiation under the GATT: Geneva Round (1948), Annecy Round (1950), Torque Round (1951), Geneva II Round (1956), Dillon Round (1962), Kennedy Round (1967), Tokyo Round (1979), and Uruguay Round (1994) The most important note was that agreements were made by mutual consent. A round finishes only when every negotiating country is satisfied with the promises it and all of its negotiating partners are making. The slogan sometimes used is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Nothing Is Agreed until Everything Is Agreed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO): World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to Liberalize International Trade and supervises some set rules. It actually replaced the work done by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WTO was established in January 1 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement. Its goals are exactly the same as of (GATT) to promote trade liberalization. It is relatively a small body based in Geneva having a director general and a small staff of economists, lawyers and others. WTO is sometimes taken as a Trade Law making body, and that is wrong, because it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make any trade laws. It follows the set of rules described in Uruguay Round and each country has to decide their own trade rules. What it does is, it settles down the negotiations between the member countries and solves the disputes as it may require. Besides monitoring each member countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trade policies, which the WTO fulfils by conducting periodic trade policy reviews of the member countries, the WTO club was also created to deal with disputes. This is surely the most important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of the WTO. CONCLUSION: Since the WTO began in 1995 there have been over four hundred disputes brought to the DSB. Large number countries have been complainants and defendants although the two countries most often on one side or the other are the United States and the EU. Some of the most well-known disputes have involved bananas, steel, hormone-treated beef, and commercial aircraft. Lesser-known cases have involved narrow product groups such as Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe, Canned Tuna with Soybean Oil, Combed Cotton Yarn, and Retreaded Tires. Traders know better what to expect from their trading partners because their partners have committed themselves to particular trade policies and to a resolution mechanism in the event of noncompliance. In a sense, then, it is true that the WTO agreements restrict the freedom of a country to set whatever trade policy it deems appropriate for the moment. That loss of sovereignty, though, is designed to prevent countries from choosing more destructive protectionist policiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ policies that are very seductive to voters, especially in an economic crisis. If successful, the WTO could prevent a reoccurrence of Smoot-Hawley and its aftermath both now and in the future.

Health Promotion Activity Budget - 714 Words

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My View On The Theology Of Divorce Essay - 2158 Words

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A Day to Remember †I Can Still Remember It Like It Was Yesterday Free Essays

I can still remember it like it was yesterday. It all started at about 2 p. m. We will write a custom essay sample on A Day to Remember – I Can Still Remember It Like It Was Yesterday or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was the time I went back from school on foot. I was so tried and all I wanted was to just relax and eat. When I arrived at the front gate, I was shocked. The gate and the door were opened. It was because at that time there was nobody in my house as all my family members were not at home I was frightened and did not know what I should do. Should I go inside or call the police? I was hesitant because my family went out for work and they would normally tell me if they took afternoon off. However, I decided to see what was happening. I picked up a hard stick so that if something happened, I could protect myself. Then, I walked slowly to my house. I took a deep breath yet, the feeling of dread weighted heavily on me. I clenched the wooden stick on my hands, mind alert and be ready. I walked slowly into my house with my wooden stick in hands. Suddenly, I had nagging feeling that I was being followed. My senses were very alert and I could hear footsteps behind me but when I turned to glance behind I could see no one. I did not take too much notice on it actually. I thought that it might be my illusion because I was too nervous in such an unexpected situation. I grasped my wooden stick again, be prepared. I pushed the slightly-opened door, looked around if there were something going wrong. My heart started to beat quickly. Darkness always terrified me as the curtains blocked out the sun. I looked for the switch and turned on the light. I glanced around again to do a second check. There was nothing wrong! Everything was arranged properly and it just seemed like nothing happened. â€Å"What’s happening and why is the door open but there seems to be no one inside? † i said to myself and all this while my head was filled with images of unrealistic thing from novels and movies. I crept around on tiptoes in order to find out what on earth was going on. As I was getting nearer to the staircase, I heard someone talking vociferously. A wave of horror swept over me. Since everyone should not be at home, who was emitting the sound? Once again, I had vivid recollection of Count Dracula, Frankenstein’s monster, mummies, phantoms and zombies but I compelled myself to kicked kick these horrifying images out my mind. When I eventually convinced myself to regain composure, I walked gently quietly up the stairs and snatched a quick peek peep into the dim master room through the crevice of the wall. I could merely see two vague outlines of human figure who stood as still as stone in the room, silhouetted against the light. To my astonishment, they were Mum and Dad. They should not be here right now. I knew them very well. Workaholics like them would only want to come home after they had settled all their jobs. I was absolutely perplexed by their peculiar behaviour that day. As I was dominated by the profound inquisitiveness, I reached the door knob and intended to open the heavy wooden door. Nevertheless, the door banged opened before I succeeded in quenching my thirst for the content of their earlier conversation. I was standing right in front of them but they seemed to be ignorant to of my existence. I wondered if the scenario in sci-fi movie befell me and my parents would not recognise who I was. I had been proven wrong when I heard their quarrel them quarreling. They were just too engrossed in their quarrel and did not notice me. Then, I hid myself at the corner of the stairs and listened to them. â€Å"Can’t you find a job? Do you think I can keep on supporting all this home with this small meagre income? † Mum shouted. â€Å"What do you expect me to do since when I don’t even received receive any reply after sending numerous copies of job application letters? Dad said desperately. From the quarrel, I found that Dad was dismissed last week due to economic downturn and he pretended to go to work every day just to ensure that we were not worried about him. Although Mum earned a lucrative salary every month, this amount of money would be insufficient because of various types of bills and fees which became the main cause of their quarrel. Brainstorming, rushi ng in my mind was the thought of whether I should give up the tuitions and my favourite piano lesson to cut down the family expenditures? I knew I had the responsibilities to do it. I came out and approached them slowly. â€Å"Dad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ mum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"I said that with the tone of depressed with a cautious. â€Å"Oh, why were you standing over here there? What is going on, Jason? † Dad asked. â€Å"I†¦ I’m sorry I have overhead your argument, I have decided to give up all the tuition. I don’t want to attend the piano lesson anymore. I am unwilling I could not bear to see all these and it is also my responsibility to help to reduce the family burden. â€Å"I said. â€Å"Why do you think like that? It is just a small matter. We have abilities to let you go to for tuition. Don’t worry about it, Jason. † Dad said smilingly. I knew that my dad was only consoleding me, as he did not want to make me unhappy. I just kept quiet and did not say anything. â€Å"Go to bathe now† Dad said again. I followed his order. After I had taken the bath, I went back to my room immediately and sat down on the chair. At the same time, I thought that how could I do. â€Å"Should I give up the tuition or go out to find part-time job? † I was very confused and bothered on to make an appropriate decision but I had to do so. Well, I decided to give up the tuition because I was trusted my own ability that I could still cope with my study if I put more effort and concentration in my study. I did not want my parents to quarrel on this small issue as I still had a chance to prevent it if I could make a concession. It was the first time I saw my parent wrangled in front of me. I was shocked and still not able to believe that incident had happened as my parents were very kind and respect each other. Unbelievable about the incident happen yesterday, as my parent is very kind and harmonious. It was certainly a day to remember How to cite A Day to Remember – I Can Still Remember It Like It Was Yesterday, Papers

Clinical Trials Information For Patients Essay Research free essay sample

Clinical Tests Information For Patients Essay, Research Paper Clinical Tests Information for Patients General Description What is a clinical test? In malignant neoplastic disease research, a clinical test is an organized survey conducted in people with malignant neoplastic disease to reply specific inquiries about a new intervention or a new manner of utilizing a known intervention. Each survey tries to increase medical cognition and to happen new and better ways to assist malignant neoplastic disease patients. Besides analyzing new anticancer drugs, clinical tests study new combinations of drugs already used in malignant neoplastic disease intervention, new ways of giving intervention, and how alterations in life style can assist malignant neoplastic disease patients or prevent malignant neoplastic disease from happening. Other clinical tests compare the best known criterion therapy with a newer therapy to see if one produces more remedies and causes fewer side effects than the other. Why are clinical tests of import? Before a new intervention is tested in patients, it is carefully studied in the research lab. We will write a custom essay sample on Clinical Trials Information For Patients Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First, a drug is considered because it changes cells or parts of cells in a manner that suggests it will destruct malignant neoplastic disease or assist the organic structure to cover with the side effects of malignant neoplastic disease intervention. Then, the new intervention is tested in animate beings to larn what it does in the organic structure. But this early research can non foretell precisely how a new intervention will work in people or specify all the side effects that might happen. Clinical tests are designed to assist us happen out how to give a new intervention safely and efficaciously to people. Each patient who participates in a clinical test provides information on the effectivity and hazards of the new intervention. Progresss in medical specialty and scientific discipline are the consequence of new thoughts and attacks developed through research. New malignant neoplastic disease interventions must turn out to be safe and effectual in scientific surveies with a cert ain figure of patients before they can be made available to all patients. Treatments now being used ( standard interventions ) are the base for constructing new, hopefully better, interventions. Many standard interventions were foremost shown to be effectual in clinical tests. Clinical tests show research workers which therapies are more effectual than others. This is the best manner to place an effectual new intervention. New therapies are designed to take advantage of what has worked in the yesteryear and to better on this base. You may be interested in take parting in a test. You should larn every bit much as you can about the test before you make up your head. Types of Tests What kinds of clinical tests are at that place? There are many sorts of clinical tests. They range from surveies of ways to forestall, observe, name, control, and dainty malignant neoplastic disease to surveies of the psychological impact of the disease and ways to better the patient # 8217 ; s comfort and quality of life ( including hurting control ) . Cancer clinical tests deal with new attacks to the intervention of malignant neoplastic disease. These interventions most frequently use surgery ( cutting out the malignant neoplastic disease ) , radiation therapy ( utilizing X raies, neutrons, or other unseeable beams to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells ) , and/or chemotherapy ( utilizing cancer-killing drugs ) entirely or in combination. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have cured many malignant neoplastic disease patients and prolonged the lives of many others. A new country of malignant neoplastic disease intervention is biological therapy that usage substances that assist the organic structure to fight malignant neoplastic disease. Most clinical tests are carried out in stairss called stages. Each stage is designed to happen different information. Patients may be eligible for surveies in different stages, depending on their general status, the type and phase of their malignant neoplastic disease, and what therapy, if any, they have already had. Patients are seen on a regular basis to find the consequence of the intervention, and intervention is ever stopped if side effects become excessively terrible. Phase I surveies The intent of a stage I study is to happen the best manner to give a new intervention and how much of it can be given safely. In a stage I study, a new intervention is given to a little figure of patients. For a new drug, the survey starts by giving a really low dosage of the drug, so the dosage is easy increased as new patients enter the test. The dosage can be increased by giving more at one clip or by giving the same dosage more frequently. Physicians ticker patients carefully for any harmful side effects. Although the research intervention has been good tested in research lab and animate being surveies, the side effects in patients can non be wholly known in front of clip. Phase I surveies may affect important hazards for this ground. They are offered merely to patients whose malignant neoplastic disease can non be helped by other known interventions. Phase I treatments may or may non bring forth anticancer effects, but some patients have been helped by these interventions. Once the best dosage is chosen, the drug is studied for its ability to shrivel tumours in stage II tests. Phase II surveies Phase II surveies are designed to happen out if the intervention really kills malignant neoplastic disease cells in people. Normally groups of 20 to 50 patients with one type of malignant neoplastic disease receive a stage II intervention. For illustration, patients with chest malignant neoplastic disease that no longer responds to accepted therapy ( it has become immune to standard therapy ) may be treated on a stage II survey. Patients are closely observed for anticancer consequence by perennial measuring of tumour size to see if it has shrunk since the beginning of the survey. When the tumour gets a batch smaller and stays smaller for at least a month, the patient is said to hold # 8220 ; responded # 8221 ; to the intervention. If at least one-fifth of the patients in the stage II survey respond to intervention, the intervention is judged active against their tumour type. In add-on to monitoring patients for response, any side effects of the intervention are carefully recorded a nd assessed. Since larger Numberss of patients receive the intervention in stage II surveies than in stage I surveies, there is more opportunity to detect unusual side effects. Each new stage of a clinical test depends on and physiques on information from an earlier stage. If a intervention has shown activity against malignant neoplastic disease in a stage II survey, it becomes portion of a stage III survey. Phase III surveies Phase III surveies normally compare standard interventions ( the intervention most accepted ) with interventions that appeared to be good in the little stage II surveies. Phase III surveies require big Numberss of patients ; some surveies use 1000s of patients. Patients are normally randomized, which means they are assigned by opportunity to one of the interventions being studied. The group that receives the standard intervention is called the # 8220 ; control # 8221 ; group. The research workers know that a certain figure of these patients will be helped by the intervention. Another patient group receives the newer therapy to see if it will assist the patients more. Phase III surveies look for longer life, better quality of life, fewer side effects, and fewer instances of the malignant neoplastic disease returning. Accessory surveies Accessory surveies are conducted to find if extra therapy will better the opportunity for remedy in patients at hazard for the malignant neoplastic disease coming back after surgical remotion of all seeable disease. An illustration is a survey for patients with big intestine malignant neoplastic disease. The standard therapy for big intestine malignant neoplastic disease is surgery. An adjuvant survey could be run in which one group of patients with big intestine malignant neoplastic disease received surgery and the other group received surgery and so chemotherapy. If the survey shows that surgery plus chemotherapy is better than surgery entirely, surgery plus chemotherapy will go the new, standard therapy. Accessory surveies progress through stage I, II, and III tests like other intervention surveies. 357

Origins Essays - Creationism, Denialism, Creation Myths,

Origins Adam Dill Origins Creationism vs. Evolution, the argument disputed by more scientists, more paleontologists and more everyday people than probably any other argument since the dawn of man. Who is right? Do the theories and evidence of evolutionists have the right answers or do the faith and facts of creationists hold the answers? What is creationism? ?Creationism? is the idea that all forms of life, and particularly humans, were independently created by a willful act on the part of God or a deity. What's wrong with creationism? That depends on what form of creationism you are referring to. There are several forms of creationism that all differ from one another. None are really scientific, though not all are unscientific to the same degree. ?Old earth creationism? holds that the earth was created a very long time ago and populated with life more-or-less shown in fossil records. However, new species of organisms were created one-by-one over all that time, each the result of a separate creative act by the Deity. This theory is not scientific, because it cannot be falsified; any evidence can be made to fit into it. ?Sequential creationism? says that the earth is old, and the major groups of fossils do reflect organisms living at different times in earth's history. However, the major mass extinction represent time s when all living things were destroyed, and then the earth was repopulated by a new creative act. The last extinction happened recently, after which the current animals and humans were created, but this isn't scientific either. Sequential creationism simply doesn't agree with the evidence. None of these mass extinction's wiped out all life. In many cases, we find the same species of organisms both before and after the extinctions. ?Day-age creationism? says that the book of Genesis is accurate in describing the order of creation, but that each ?day? in Genesis actually represents a long period of real time. This position also runs out of evidence, primarily because the order of creation as given in Genesis doesn't agree with the order as shown in fossil records. Of all the different forms of creationism ?young-earth creationism? is the worst. This is the position that most of the politically active creationists hold. Young-earth creationists demand a literal reading of Genesis. The y insist that the earth is less than ten thousand years old; that it and all life were created in just six twenty-four-hour days; and that the entire fossil record is a result of Noah's flood. Other forms of creationism are simply different interpretations of the known geological and fossil evidence. Only young-earth creationism requires its believers to either reject or rewrite most of the hard sciences. Atomic physics, astrophysics, most of geology, most of paleontology, much of biology and nearly all of genetics would have to be torn down for young-earth creationism to be true. If this were true then all the fossil evidence, researchers, scientists and many others supporting evolution are not only wrong, but also have wasted centuries of time and research. There are absolute arguments to disprove the theories of evolution. The first being that evolution cannot take place unless random mutations occur, but in the case of advanced animal defense mechanisms, random mutation cannot produce them. An example of this would be a particular beetle called the bombardier beetle. This particular beetle houses two chemical tanks in its body which are used for the purpose of self-defense. When a predator attacks the beetle, the two different chemicals in the tanks are sprayed out from the beetle. They combine in the air and create a hot chemical explosion in the face of the predator insuring the beetle's survival. According to evolution when the very first mutation appeared and the chemical tanks were just beginning to form but were not yet functional, they would not provide any survival benefit to the beetle. It would take many thousands of mutations over millions of years to produce the end mechanism, but since mutations are random, they could never follow a pattern to produce an end result, especially since the mechanism would not provide any survival advantage until it was fully developed. Evolution just simply cannot work! A current modernized example would be like copying

Microsoft vs Foss Essays

Microsoft vs Foss Essays Microsoft vs Foss Essay Microsoft vs Foss Essay Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Holly Stark ITT Technical IT 302 Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the claims from Microsoft that FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) committed patent infringement in 2006. It also discusses how the events have impacted FOSS, whether negatively or positively and how the actions have changed both since 2006. Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Free software is wonderful and corporate America seems to love it. Its often high-quality stuff that can be downloaded free off the Internet and then copied at will. Its versatile it can be customized to perform almost any large-scale computing task and best of all its crash-resistant. More than half the companies in the Fortune 500 are thought to be using the free operating system Linux in their data centers. In 2006, Microsoft cast a shadow over Free and Open Source Software by alleging that they had violated 235 patents such as the Linux kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org and others. Foss’s legal representative Eben Moglen contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and, as such, not patentable. Parloff, R. 2007) But what of Microsoft’s claims? Are they valid? But first to answer that you need to understand what a patent really is. A patent is essentially a limited monopoly whereby the patent holder is granted the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented innovation for a limited period of time. Granting exclusive rights to the inventor is intended to encourage the investment of time and resources into the develop ment of new and useful discoveries. Once the term of protection has ended, the patented innovation enters the public domain. The problem of the patentability of software has become one of the most debated issues with regards to open source software. The Supreme Court stated in a unanimous opinion that patents have been issued too readily for the past two decades, and lots are probably invalid. For a variety of technical reasons, many dispassionate observers suspect that software patents are especially vulnerable to court challenge. This ruling works in FOSS’s favor. Patents can be invalidated in court on numerous grounds; others can easily be invented around. Still others might be valid, yet not infringed under the particular circumstances. FOSS has some well known patrons working in its corner as well. In 2005, six of them IBM (Charts, Fortune 500), Sony, Philips, Novell, Red Hat (Charts) and NEC set up the Open Invention Network (OIN) to acquire a portfolio of patents that might pose problems for companies like Microsoft, which are known to pose a patent threat to Linux. So if Microsoft ever sue d Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. Parloff, R. 2007) A preliminary legal analysis of FOSS licenses conducted seems to suggest that the novel licensing model used by FOSS is legally valid, a fact that lends substantial credit to the movement. Other indications as to the soundness of the licenses are also encouraging; a ruling in Germany that has recognized the validity of the General Public License (GPL) ( J. Hoppner,2004), which further serves to stress that FOSS is a global phenomenon that is revolutionizing the entire field of software development. Microsoft realized that something had to change when it comes to patents. They basically had three choices. They could do nothing, it could start suing other companies to stop them from using its patents, or, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies in exchange for either royalties or access to their patents (a cross-licensing deal). They chose to do the latter. In December 2003, Microsofts new licensing unit opened for business, and soon the company had signed cross-licensing pacts with such tech firms as Sun, Toshiba, SAP and Siemens. On November 2, 2006, Microsoft went public and announced a partnership with Novell to collaborate to help Microsofts Windows, a proprietary operating system, work with Novells Suse Linux, which is based on open-source code. In addition, the software makers struck a deal on patents designed to give customers peace of mind about using Novells open-source products. This partnership made Novell the only company in the industry that was able to provide the customer not only with the code to run Linux, but also with a patent covenant from Microsoft. Evers, Joris 2006) Some thought that it showed that Microsoft was kind of being forced to see Linux as a significant competitor and the FOSS model as a viable business model. (Upfold, Peter 2006) My personal opinion is that this was an attack on the open source community. Microsoft hasn’t actually changed its tune; it’s still actively attacking free software and trying to abolish GNU/Linux while promoting Windows and other proprie tary software as though they are complementary to free software, which they are not. It’s PR nonsense and Microsoft is good at PR. Since then, Novell was sold in 2010 to Attachmate Corp. and a concurrent sale of certain intellectual property assets was sold to CPTN Holdings LLC, a consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation. It plays right into the hands of Microsoft’s PR campaign, which strives for a fusion where Microsoft controls both sides of the competition and then derails the side which is less favorable to Microsoft. Microsoft has done that over and over again for many years and victims include giants like IBM and Apple. While FOSS licenses generally protect end user freedom in the realm of copyright, they have no effective protection against threats from software patents, especially from entities outside the FOSS community. In responding to the threat from software patent holders, the FOSS community has created innovative licensing schemes. ( Davidson, S. J 2006) Permissive licenses, such as the Apache licenses, have different patent rights clauses from reciprocal licenses, such as the MPL and GPL. In dealing with potential patent claims, GPL 2. has a â€Å"Freedom or Death† termination clause – â€Å"any patent must be licensed for everyones free use or not licensed at all. † GPL 2. 0 does not allow the development of software that requires any kind of license payments for third party patents. (Hacker. J. n. d. ) GPL 3. 0 was drafted to cope with global software patent threats and to provide compatibility with more non-GPL FOSS licenses. The current GPL draft 3. 0 keeps GPL 2. 0’s copyleft feature and includes new provisions addressing evolving computing issues, such as patent issues, free software license compatibility, and digital rights management (â€Å"DRM†). McMillan, R 2007) As of today, Microsoft is still attacking free software with two types of tactics. The tactics largely include litigation and the use of so-called Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt (FUD) tactics designed to undermine the popular perception of the open source philosophy. This year alone they have won several cases either outright, in appeal or countersuits against Motorola’s Android features. The rest of the FOSS community seems to be on edge and waiting to see what happens next.